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ASTM A385 — Designing Steel That Can Be Galvanized

The most useful standard on this site for anyone sending us job work. Vent and drain holes, overlaps, weld sequence, and the design decisions that decide whether a piece comes out clean.

ASTM A385 is a practice, not a product specification. It tells the designer and the fabricator how to make an article that can actually be hot dip galvanized: where zinc and air need to get in and out, what to do about overlapping surfaces, and how to sequence welds so the piece does not distort.

Almost every galvanizing failure we see arrives as a design problem, not a coating problem. A sealed hollow section will not galvanize; it will build pressure and it can burst. The most valuable thing on this page is the venting rule below.

Vent and drain holes

The rule most fabricators need and most drawings omit.

  • The sizing rule: ASTM A385 paragraph 12.4 calls for a minimum single vent and drain opening of 25% to 30% of the cross-sectional area, placed in a corner.
  • Placement matters as much as size. Vents go at the highest point and drains at the lowest point as the piece hangs during dipping — not as it will sit in service. If you do not know how we will hang it, ask. It changes where the holes belong.
  • Every enclosed volume needs its own vent and drain. Each compartment in a box section, each gusset that closes a corner, each end plate on a hollow member. One vent on a member with two sealed compartments protects one of them.
  • A sealed section is a safety issue, not just a quality one. Trapped moisture flashes to steam at 450 °C. We will not dip a sealed hollow section, and no galvanizer should.

Overlaps, welds and distortion

Design featureWhat happens in the kettleWhat to do instead
Overlapping plates seal-welded on all edgesCleaning solutions cannot enter or leave; residue bleeds out afterwards and stains the coatingFully seal-weld the overlap, or leave a vent gap. Never do it half-way.
Large flat unstiffened plateUneven heating causes bowing that will not come back outAdd stiffeners, or accept and specify a straightening allowance
Asymmetric section, heavy on one sideOne side reaches bath temperature before the other and the piece twistsBalance the section, or discuss the hanging orientation with us first
Weld slag and anti-spatter left onNeither resists pickling and neither takes zinc — you get bare patches at every weldRemove slag and spatter before despatch to the galvanizer
Paint, marking crayon or lacquerSurvives the degrease, resists the acid, leaves an uncoated areaMark with tags or die stamps, not with paint

None of this is exotic. It is the list of things that turn a clean job into a rework, and every item on it is decided at the drawing board rather than at the kettle.

Send us the drawing before you cut steel

Our kettle is 7.0 m × 1.2 m × 1.6 m, and the constraint on most job work is geometry rather than coating. We would far rather look at a drawing and tell you where to put the holes than take delivery of something we cannot dip safely.

That review costs you nothing and it is the single most useful thing a galvanizer can give a fabricator.

Questions engineers ask

Answered from our own line, not from the standard's cover page.

How big should a vent hole be for galvanizing?

ASTM A385 paragraph 12.4 calls for a minimum single vent and drain opening of 25% to 30% of the cross-sectional area, located in a corner. Larger is generally safer; the practical limit is what the structural design will accept.

Where do vent and drain holes go?

Vents at the highest point and drains at the lowest point as the piece hangs during dipping, which is often not how it sits in service. Tell us the article and we will tell you how it will hang.

Can you galvanize a fully sealed hollow section?

No, and neither should anyone else. Trapped air and moisture expand violently at 450–460 °C. A sealed section has to be vented before it goes anywhere near the kettle.

Why did my fabrication come out bent?

Usually differential heating on an unbalanced or unstiffened section. Large flat plates and asymmetric assemblies distort as one part reaches bath temperature ahead of another. A385 covers the design changes that prevent it; where a design cannot be changed, we agree a straightening allowance in advance.

Will you review our drawing before we fabricate?

Yes, and we would prefer to. Send the drawing with the enquiry. Reviewing venting and hanging before steel is cut costs nothing and prevents the two expensive outcomes: a piece we cannot dip, and a piece that comes out distorted.

Related standards and pages

Send us the specification

Tell us the standard, the coating requirement and the component, and we will confirm in writing what we can hold and how we will certify it. Galvanizing is on our own floor, so the answer comes from us and not from a sub-contractor.

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